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Heraclitus

( Ancient Greek philosopher pantheist)

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Biography Heraclitus
(Greek. Herakleitos)
(ca. 540 - OK. 480 BC, according to Apollodorus, the dp. data - ok. 554 - 483 BC)
Place of the noble kind of priestly. He had the hereditary title basileus (king-priest), which had abdicated in favor of his brother. Author only works (in one book of three chapters: "On the universe, the state of theology"), according to legend, on the temple of Artemis at Ephesus.

G. asserts the primacy of the "one" over "many". He declares pure sensationalism ( "what you can see, hear, see, I prefer"), breaking all the phenomenal world into pairs of opposites, and showing "identity" of each of them. The unity of opposites in G. - Full match, the absolute identity up to indistinguishability. Objective ( "by nature") "one" empirically observed as "two". Thus, it is utterly antithetical structure of the phenomena shows inseparable harmony and absolute unity "hidden nature" (Outer God). Secret "peace" and "harmony" are detected as the phenomenon of "war" and "discord". This explains the well-known statement G.: "War - the father of all things".

In contrast to the first natural philosopher who searched for sustainable primitive matter, Mr.. recognized only the variability in itself. Embodiment of transformations themselves to him was Fire. "Fire" - a metaphor for the sacral type, meaning "pure essence" to which "mixed with" sensual incense burned on the altar space in the Temple of Nature ( "day - night", "Winter - Summer, etc.). Death perceive only incense (ie. phenomenon) and mistakenly give them "names" - "the smell of each, while the only real basis of all these names -" Fire ". Fire D. has a life, consciousness, and the providential will and governs the universe under the name "Perun", ie. identified with Zeus. He - the carrier space of justice (Dike), and the terrible judge, punishing the wicked in the end times. "The Waning of" Fire in the beginning of outer loop leads to its embodiment in a sensually palpable dismembered body of the cosmos, consisting of four elements. An era of "needs" and the suffering of the space god, embezzlement myself sublunary elements (air, water, earth). But over time, the fiery spirit razvoploschaetsya and enjoy "excess". This cyclic pulsation of the universe is infinite and fatally inevitable. Man, like Space, consists of light and night (mind and body), alternating dominance of one over another that causes the alternation of wakefulness and sleep, life and death: dying man "wakes up" from the death of the carnal existence. Sublunary world in which we live - the realm beyond the grave, and the body - the tomb of the soul. Souls are involved in the cosmic cycle of elements (Wed. Samsara), which excludes only the Fire. Therefore, to break the cycle of rebirth and get rid of suffering, should make his soul "dry", ie. bring it to the Fire. The achievement of "dry" requires asceticism, and renunciation of sensual pleasures.

Concept D. had a great impact on the development of astrological ideas of antiquity. Behalf of Mr.. named minor planet (asteroid) number 5204.


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