Martin Buber (Buber Martin)

(1878-1965)
Also known as a translator and commentator of the Bible and theoretician of Zionism. Born in Vienna on February 8, 1878. He grew up in Lemberg (now Lvov). He was educated at the universities of Vienna, Berlin, Zurich and Leipzig. Since 1901 was the editor of the Zionist newspaper 'Die Welt', then became one of the founders of the publishing house Verlag Yudisher 'and the Jewish National Committee. He founded the monthly magazine 'Der yude' ( 'Der Jude', 1916). In 1933 headed the Center for Jewish Education in Frankfurt. In 1938 he emigrated to Palestine. A Jewish professor at the University until 1951, the first president of the Academy of Sciences in Israel 1960-1962
. The key to the formation of Buber's philosophical views is the transition from the mysticism of religious existentialism, . the idea of 'fusion' rights with bozhestvennymp beginning to the idea of 'meeting' with God, . involving the separate existence and 'dialogue' on both sides,
. This cleavage does not mean, however, distancing relationship to God simply as an object of contemplation, meditation and worship. Genuine meeting with God, as man with man - is not the attitude 'I - It' and the attitude 'I - Thou'. This idea with extraordinary depth and poetic force is embodied in the most famous creation Buber - I and Thou (Ich und Du, 1923). World you are God, and only if the person is able to appear before God, thou, he is able to love you created beings. Otherwise, people's attitudes to degrade to the level I - It, . treatment of man as an object of manipulation, . means of achieving, . and able to rise to the level I - You're only in rare cases, a strong love or the ideal of friendship, . when in a meeting of man with man involved all the fullness of their existence,
. In his book "Between a man and man (Between Man and Man, 1947) considers the social and pedagogical aspects of the philosophy of human relationships.

Principle I-Thou, TN. 'dialogical principle', Buber uses and interpretation of the Bible. In the works of the prophets (Torat ha-nevi'im, 1942) and Moses (Moses, 1945) the ratio of God and Israel is seen as a dialogue in which God speaks to man and man listens to God's Word. 'Dialogical spirit' of Biblical worldview Buber contrasted to the Greek 'monologism'. Dialogical attitude in the Bible is understood as an existential encounter between man and God. Buber later discovered that the dialogic principle has been applied Hasidic sages and was part of the tradition of late Judaism. Hasidim, like the Bible, emphasized the immediacy of the moment, spontaneous meetings, open to God and spoke about the direct contact with him. Research Buber Hasidism were outlined in a number of his works.

As one of the early Zionists Buber hoped that his philosophical and religious principles will be used in dealing with Israel, as well as broader issues of social and political organization of the modern world. In the works on this subject, in particular, the book Road to Utopia (Utopia Be-Netivot, 1947) he explored the possibility of dialogical principle not only to the relations of individuals, but also to the human community and the world at large. Buber died in Jerusalem, 13 June 1965.