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Shota Rustaveli

( Poet)

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Biography Shota Rustaveli
Shota Rustaveli

12 th century Georgian poet, author of the poem "The Knight in Panther's Skin" (another translation of the name "The Knight in the Barsova Skin").

No reliable biographical information on Rustaveli We have very few. Not known, even years of birth and death of the poet. The main source of information, the prologue of the poem, dedicated to Queen Tamara (rules in the years 1184-1207) and her co-ruler-husband David Soslan. Thus, the poem (not the first work Rustaveli) was founded no earlier than late 80-ies the 12 th century and not later than 1 st decade, 13 century. One can assume that Rustaveli was born at the turn of 60-70-ies 12 century. In the prologue twice mentions that the author of Rustaveli (Rustveli), which means "lord of the manor Rustavi" or "native of Rustavi. According to some reports, Rustaveli completed his education in Greece. It is believed that Rustaveli was state treasurer of Queen Tamara (preserved his signature on one of the acts relating to 1190). Rustaveli also restored and painted the Georgian monastery of Saint Cross in Jerusalem. According to legend, hopelessly in love with his mistress, he ended his life in a cell of the monastery. At one of the columns of the monastery discovered fresco, by the assumption of scientists representing Rustaveli.

"The Knight in Panther's Skin" is one of the greatest epics of world literature. A total of 1637 stanzas of the poem, 16 syllables in verse. She came to us in numerous manuscripts, with a mass of interpolations and additions and a continuation, known under the name "Omaniani". The reasons for the lack of the earliest lists of the poem, . close to the time of its creation, . - As in the numerous raids of foreign conquerors of Georgia and related disasters, . and in, . that the poem was persecuted by the clergy, . as contrary to Christian humility essay secularism.,

. There are more than 50 editions of the poem in the Georgian language
. 1 edition, edited and with commentary by Vakhtang VI was published in Tbilisi in 1712. Poem translated into many languages of the peoples of the former USSR and in foreign languages. There are 5 full translation of the poem in Russian (the authors of translations - KD Balmont, PA Petrenko, G. Tsagareli, S. Nutsubidze, NA Zabolotskii).

Hitherto the question remains unresolved, where Rustaveli borrowed the plot of his poem. In the literature, it was three views: the first is based on the words of the Pustaveli, . which in the 16 th stanza of the poem says, . that "he found the Persian story, and shifted his poems, . like a large pearl, . passing from hand to hand ", but the original Persian, . despite all searches, . still not found,
. Second opinion was first suggested by Prof.. DI Chubinovym, which proves that Rustaveli did not borrow the plot of Barsova skin "on the eastern writers, it was created by him and directed to the glorification of Queen Tamara. A third view is due to A. Hahanovu; Rustaveli comparing poems with folk songs about Tariel, . He suggested, . that the artificial poem XII century has its basis in folk poetry, . just, . as "Faust" and "Hamlet" back to the medieval folk traditions,
. Rustaveli used folk tales to the image of the great historical epoch.

Characters from various people (including fictional). Skillfully using the methods of camouflage plot, P. artistically, realistically depicts the reality of his day Georgia. In the poem combines two major narrative cycle (Indian line Tariel and Nestan-Darejan, and the Arabic line of Avtandil and Tinatin). Deep psychological characteristic of heroes, the image of the inner essence of phenomena the main features of innovation Rustaveli. He created a gallery of living, full-blooded, plastic characters, his heroes are selfless, fearless fighters for justice and happiness, compiled, typed images of the progressive people of feudal Georgia 12 century. Main heroine of the poem, virtuous and gentle Nestan-Darejan encompasses the spirit of protest when she learns that she faces a forced marriage. Resistant to the heroine of confinement Kadzhetskoy fortress, the symbol of tyranny, fanaticism and the world of darkness. The struggle of the three heroes of the liberation of twin-Nestan crowned victory. The optimistic idea of the triumph of justice over tyranny, of good over evil is the basis of the poem: man must dare, he can achieve complete happiness on earth.

. Rustaveli's an enthusiastic hymn to the free, earth, pure and lofty love
. The poet rejects the love of grossly sensual, carnal lowly. The poem vividly expresses the idea of worshiping a woman poetically demonstrated the possibility of moral and intellectual equality of men and women.

The poem is imbued idea of patriotism. Political ideal Rustaveli united, strong, autocratic state led by an enlightened and humane king. The poet condemns the feudal strife and separatist aspirations of the nobility, values the life of a reasonable, dignified noble man. His heroes are not afraid of death. The poet denounces lzherytsarey, faint-hearted would-be soldiers, despicable cowards and traitors, perjurers, flatterers and hypocrites. He extols the knightly valor and bravery, boldness and daring.

. "The Knight in Panther's Skin", certainly has some similarities with Western chivalric romances and oriental epico-romantic poem of the Middle Ages, but in general Rustaveli was independent path
. The great humanist, he, as opposed to the Church of the ascetic morality, proclaims liberty, freedom of thought and feeling, has called for a human life is not preordained divine providence, fate. Rustaveli embodied the ideals and aspirations of its people, but it is alien to the national limited. World of his ideas on a universal level. His free-poet anticipated the humanistic ideas of the early Renaissance.

. Having absorbed the richness of Old literary culture, while following the best traditions of folklore, Rustaveli developed and raised to a higher altitude Georgian poetry in general
. A poem written by a graceful, light, music and melodious verse Shair. Rustaveli? legislator and past master of this verse. For poetic speech Rustaveli characteristic metaphorical and aphoristic. Lyric Preludes, epistles, without violating the dynamic action, framed colorful story and enliven the narrative. Rustaveli? founder of the new Georgian literary language.

The name assigned to the Georgian Shota Rustaveli Dramatic Theater, Theater Institute in Tbilisi, the Georgian Institute of Literature of Georgia.


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