Pyotr Eropkin (1689 - 1740 gg.)
Pyotr Eropkin - one of the first Russian architects and theoreticians of architecture, belonged to an educated and interesting people of Russia in the first half of the eighteenth century.
Unfortunately, information about his life are relatively few, but that so far collected, to judge him as an enlightened, talented organizer and architect. For researchers in the history of the House Rozhdestvenka, which now houses the Moscow Architectural Institute,
Eropkin of interest not only because he was the architect. First, he was closely connected in their life and social activities with Artemy Volhynia, owner of a large estate on Rozhdestvenka. And secondly, the archaeological investigation of the structure suggest that the first stone building in the estate of Volyn was built in 1730-ies on the draft P.
Eropkin.
Studies have confirmed that the house Volyn - one of the buildings that are preserved in the reconstructed shape in Moscow. In addition, the building is also the only extant creation of architect rm.
Eropkin. So for us, studying the history of the House of Rozhdestvenka interested in everything connected with
Pyotr Mikhailovich
Eropkin.
Eropkin rm. belonged to an ancient though impoverished family. Ancestor nobles
Eropkin is Ivan Evstafievich Eropka - descendant (in the sixteenth knee) Prince Rostislav of Smolensk, the grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, which comes from Rurik.
Peter's father, Mikhail Fedorovich, was bestowed Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Peter I fiefdoms in Moscow Province and other parts of Russia. He was married to Ustinya Sofronovne Karpova.
In 1689 they had a son Peter, and soon - Alex. From early childhood, Peter differed great ability in the sciences and drawing, but the custom of the time it was designated for military service. Detailed information about military service, Peter Y
eropkina we do not yet have, we only know that he was already Bau-intendant.
Peter I close eye on the capacity of young nobles, so in 1716, Mr.. He commanded selected 20 talented people to send them to study abroad. This number fell and Peter
Eropkin. Ability to draw Peter Y
eropkina were observed, he was directed by Peter I in Rome for the study of architectural art, painting, philosophy, and Italian language.
Three students went to Amsterdam and thence to the ship arrived in Livorno. This was the first Italian city in which
Eropkin had to live six months, during which he studied the language and began collecting books on architecture.
Then Peter
Eropkin with his comrades went to Rome. On their way to Venice and Florence were. Young people were struck by the beauty of many areas, the ability to master a solemn and colorful draw Centers squares with fountains and monuments. Special feeling of admiration evoked Y
eropkina Venice, the love of which he retained for life.
In Rome, his practical training in architecture led the architect Cipriani. It should be noted that P.
Eropkin and Usov was the first Russian people who have received architectural education in Italy. In Rome
Eropkin reverently studied the great works of Italian masters, because no other city does not make sense because the architecture, as Rome.
After two years studying ancient and modern Italian architecture
Eropkin makes Chinese ink drawing of the temple for his presentation to the Emperor Peter I. He carefully studies the works of architects, shtudiruet treatises Vignola and Palladio.
.
.
.
.
. Draft of the temple, composed PM
Eropkin.
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. We do not know where, apart from the Netherlands and Italy was
Eropkin, but after 8 years of study (1716 - 1724 g), he probably traveled in France, tk
. spoke French fluently.
In 1724, Mr..
Eropkin returned to Russia. Peter I was very pleased with his progress. This is evidenced by the fact that
Eropkin was the only Russian architects who from its inception, was awarded the "naming decree of Peter I the high rank of lieutenant colonel and an architect, and in January 1725 - Colonel and Architect.
Peter I ordered
Eropkin and mustache to draft a palace in the Transfiguration, and
Eropkin - a project of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. But because of the death of Peter I projects were not implemented.
After the death of Peter I becomes ruler of Russia and the 12-year-old Peter II. For his coronation, "scientists architect Colonel
Eropkin" drafted ceremonial arches (draft approved 9.1.1727g.) And PM
Eropkin sent to Moscow, where he builds three triumphal arches for the coronation of Peter II-go.
In 1731. P.
Eropkin acquainted with AP Volhynia, located in Moscow. Relations between them became even closer after the marriage AP Volyns'ke full sisters PM
Eropkin.
At the request of the Volyn
Eropkin developing a project, on which Moscow is building for Volyn stone chambers. Found archival data confirm that the architect of the house at the Volyn was Rozhdestvenka PM
Eropkin.
But the main work in Y
eropkina was in St. Petersburg, where already at Anne Ioannovna he was the chief architect, without whose permission nothing in St. Petersburg was built.
In a Commission, responsible for overseeing the construction in St. Petersburg, under the influence Y
eropkina was defined main task "... show the streets and places.. in what proportion.. where the public square to be ... "
Under the leadership of P. Y
eropkina was drafted a master plan for Petersburg, which was based on three-fold system of streets, highways, identified by Peter I. Together with M. Zemtsov he creates the first of Architecture and Civil treatise "Position architectural expedition" (1737-1741gg.), Which are painted with the duties and rights of architects.
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.
.
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. Kontraktova in St. Petersburg, designed by P. Y
eropkina.
.
. We do not know where, apart from the Netherlands and Italy was
Eropkin, but after 8 years of study (1716 - 1724 g), he probably traveled in France, tk
. spoke French fluently.
In 1724, Mr..
Eropkin returned to Russia. Peter I was very pleased with his progress. This is evidenced by the fact that
Eropkin was the only Russian architects who from its inception, was awarded the "naming decree of Peter I the high rank of lieutenant colonel and an architect, and in January 1725, Mr.. - The Colonel and Architect.
Peter I ordered
Eropkin and mustache to draft a palace in the Transfiguration, and
Eropkin - a project of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. But because of the death of Peter I projects were not implemented.
After the death of Peter I becomes ruler of Russia and the 12-year-old Peter II. For his coronation, "scientists architect Colonel
Eropkin" drafted ceremonial arches (draft approved 9.1.1727g.) And PM
Eropkin sent to Moscow, where he builds three triumphal arches for the coronation of Peter II-go.
In 1731. P.
Eropkin acquainted with AP Volhynia, located in Moscow. Relations between them became even closer after the marriage AP Volyns'ke full sisters PM
Eropkin.
At the request of the Volyn
Eropkin developing a project, on which Moscow is building for Volyn stone chambers. Found archival data confirm that the architect of the house at the Volyn was Rozhdestvenka PM
Eropkin.
But the main work in Y
eropkina was in St. Petersburg, where already at Anne Ioannovna he was the chief architect, without whose permission nothing in St. Petersburg was built.
In a Commission, responsible for overseeing the construction in St. Petersburg, under the influence Y
eropkina was defined main task "... show the streets and places.. in what proportion.. where the public square to be ... "
Under the leadership of P. Y
eropkina was drafted a master plan for Petersburg, which was based on three-fold system of streets, highways, identified by Peter I. Together with M. Zemtsov he creates the first of Architecture and Civil treatise "Position architectural expedition" (1737-1741gg.), Which are painted with the duties and rights of Architects.
PM
Eropkin was not only a talented architect, but also a major theorist of architecture, which not only translated into Russian the works of Palladio, but also gave them their comments.
Accession Anna Ioannovna (1730) and the activities of its German encirclement led by Byron and Osterman angering Russian patriotic circles. Represent their interests became cabinet minister AP Volyns'kyi, which formed a circle around like-minded friends. Among them were P.
Eropkin, AF Khrushchev, FI Soymonov, P.I.Musin-Pushkin, etc.. Many of them were related to each other not only political but also affinity.
Volinskiy as a cabinet minister coming to the fore, tk. He had the power and proximity to the court and could realize his designs mug. But, despite their abilities, Volyn not possess sufficient knowledge to make such serious documents, such as "Citizenship" or "Secretary of the emended draft internal public affairs". Undoubtedly, they were prepared by P. Y
eropkina which Nashchokin called "one of the people, the glorious own mind".
Top of 1740g. Volyn situation has deteriorated. In an effort to restore its influence on the Queen, A. Volinskiy with P. Y
eropkina arranged "ice wedding" buffoons Anna Ioannovna. The project saw the planning of ice blocks from the palace was built. Festival queen liked, but in April 1740g., After the denunciation of one of the servants of Volyn, he was arrested on charges of plotting a coup. Behind him were arrested by members of his circle - P.
Eropkin, A. Khrushchev and others. All of them were tortured and sentenced to various penalties.
June 27 1740g. on satiety market near the fortress took place penalty. AP Volynsky torn tongue, chopped off his right arm and head, P. Y
eropkina and AF Khrushchev beheaded. The corpses of executed without church rites were buried in the churchyard of the church, "Samson-strannopriimtsa". The property of those executed were confiscated, and the library Y
eropkina transferred to the Academy of Sciences, and she is still waiting for their researchers.
In 1741. imeratritsa Elizabeth Volhynia ceased to work and restored the good name of members of his circle. At 1686g. the grave of the three victims bironovschiny by architect prof.M.A.Shurova opened a monument, a relief which is made by Academician AM Opekushin.
The monument on the common grave of Volyn, Y
eropkina and Khrushchev
Biographies
