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Kazakov MF Rod famous Russian architect
Kazakov was one of the peasants - the son of a serf, issued by the landlord in the sailors, but by sheer luck the remainder at the Admiralty office in Moscow copyist
. Only this saved Fyodor from eternal sailor's life, his family and freed from serfdom. It is likely that Casanova was born in Ryazan village Staroplastikovo, half of whose inhabitants bore the same name. Is it because in Ryazan, and subsequently built near her home, church and manor project
Kazakova at the same time, he was literally swamped with orders in MoskveN
Youth
Kazakova was the stubborn teaching. He was a "team" - the architectural school of the Moscow architect
DV. Ukhtomskii students which focuses repair and fix dilapidated buildings of the Kremlin. This work, accompanied by careful measurement of antiquities, and the compilation of drawings and cost estimates, was the main architect of the school. Obtained from Ukhtomskogo extensive practical experience will be useful to
Kazakov in the recovery of the devastated fire Tver. He was then instructed to rebuild from the ruins of the burned bishop's house road palace of the Empress - the main building in the city. To build it ought not sparing human labor, in extreme haste, since the winter of 1767, Catherine II had intended to pass through Tver to Moscow for the opening of the Commission on the new Code.
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. In 1768 fate brought together the efforts and talents of two outstanding Russian architects -
Vasily Bazhenov and
Matvey Kazakov for construction "naislavneyshego in light of the building - the Grand Kremlin Palace,
. Both at the time of the beginning of the restructuring of the Kremlin "had 30 years, but this is probably the only thing that they were then intimate. Different, absolutely distinct, ways they came to the architecture. Bazhenov studied in the major art centers of Europe: in Paris, Rome, Florence, for his shoulders was the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. And the Cossacks ... The son of the architect so later wrote about his father: "None of the foreigners did not take lessons and he never left Russia, guided by natural abilities and examples of their predecessors ..." Yes, . Bazhenov was best for those standards of arts education, .
Kazakov, but - and this is a very important advantage - never tear myself away from their native soil,
. He has developed a special hearing of architectural to the real needs of the time.
The idea of the project
of the Kremlin Palace, his main artistic principles - all came from Bazhenov. However, without
Kazakova, his chief aide, Bazhenov simply would not cope with such a huge amount of work.
Kazakov has done a lot ... Yet the crucial word here say Bazhenov. Kremlin Palace will be the first of his offspring. But the brainchild of a utopian. Strictly speaking, this is not quite architecture in its original meaning and purpose. Established fantasy Bazhenova architectural extravaganza was no more than an "architectural theater". Furnished magnificent holiday show erecting "Rossiyskogo Acropolis" ended what could only be completed: in 1774 the construction of the Kremlin Palace was discontinued.
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. Of course, the bitter moment not only for Bazhenov, but also for his faithful friend
Matvey Kazakov. What he was aware of the futility of so many efforts! (This we now know, . ahead of its expected success and creative original art opening.) After some time, from a noisy beginnings in the Kremlin appears to have disappeared, . but for nearly seven years
Kazakova cooperation with Bazhenov - the most important, . indelible memory of the stage of life,
. It is safe to say that the defeat of the Bazhenov project was a watershed event in the works
Kazakova. As the greatest architect, he was born in the time of this architectural tragedy.
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. Its main reason was that the artistic idea of the Kremlin Palace in Moscow contradict the new value, at which have already Nikolai Karamzin: "From the time of Catherine the Great, Moscow had the reputation of the Republic"
. Ideal of its inhabitants became homestead: the home in the bosom of nature, in a park, a classic pergola over the pond ... While geometric abstraction Bazhenov palace is overcome, even "abolished" nature, "nature" of the city.
Art historians call vain
Kazakova practices commonly been characterized by a sober view of things. And although it's not quite true, nevertheless
Kazakov really had no inclination to "architectural theater," a hero and a victim who was Vasily Bazhenov.
Kazakov was closer to the real case, to architecture in the original sense of the word, so brilliantly demonstrated in his first major independent work of the Moscow - Prechistensky palace.
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. The fact that
Kazakov instructed to build a palace for the Empress, said the recognition of his talent and experience
. The palace, built on piles, and not on the foundation, was done in late autumn and winter, which in those days it was very unusual. However, as the project itself:
Kazakov very carefully treated to the architectural space of Moscow, for its picturesque landscape. He combined the three old stone houses and has attached thereto a wooden building with a huge hall, created with minimal costs, and that was especially important, in the shortest possible time, a new palace, which was broadly consistent with the most exacting tastes. Satisfied was crowned and the customer, who arrived in Moscow to celebrate the Treaty of Kц?цїц?k Kainarji with Turkey: in May 1775 was promoted to the architect
Kazakov.
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. In it literally brought a flood of orders, and in the same year the architect began Peter's road palace on the Petersburg road.
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. With its creation was used brilliant artistic idea, already embodied Bazhenov and
Kazakov in Khodynskoe field
. Then, for the commemoration of the Treaty of Kц?цїц?k Kainarji was elevated to a range of temporary entertainment pavilions depicting the fortress on the Black Sea, whose role was assigned to field. So Petrovsky Palace, surrounded by / though the ramparts one-story buildings with towers, likened to the ancient city - Moscow.
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. It was only unfolding construction Petrovsky Palace, and the Cossacks have already been adopted for the design
of the Senate in the Kremlin. More than ten years was carried out construction of this huge building, one of the most significant works of architecture of Russian classicism, which has become a solemn hymn to the Enlightenment. And almost symbolic that in the very heart of Moscow, at the center of the nobility of the Republic "was built is not the monarch's palace and the temple of the Law. In the era of ancient temples are often erected in the form of the rotunda - a circular building, often topped with a cupola. Here and in the Senate is the most comprehensive, the key form - a beautiful domed rotunda. It is the famous Catherine Hall, decorated with a colonnade and high reliefs, which depicted the most important events of the reign of the great Empress.
Rotunda was the favorite topic
Kazakova. He built the Orthodox churches, the rotunda
(the Church of Metropolitan Philip, . 1777-1788; Cosmas and Damian in Maroseika, . 1791; Golitsyn Hospital, . 1790e), . mausoleum-rotunda in Smolensk Manor Aleksino, . in the form of the rotunda solved the corners of residential and public buildings in Moscow (the House of Noblesse, . 1793; University board of Tver, . 1790e, . house Golitsyn and others),
. All this can not be just a coincidence. Rotunda - a unique form, the archetype of the temple as a symbol of the universe, in this case, enlightenment, with its central idea of earthly happiness.
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. In 1783, with the consent of Catherine II,
Kazakov went to the head of the newly created Ekaterinoslav governorship - GA
. Potemkin, who designed the grandiose utopia: to erect on the semi-arid south then "third capital" and build up its huge buildings, among which - the theater, university, mock trial ... Experience has shown shortly, that idea was just another performance of "architectural Theater.
Kazakov succumbed to the temptation, put all their efforts on the construction of unprecedented architectural giants as then it would be frustration, unhappiness as. But the lesson from the Kremlin palace, apparently, went to him for future use, said the patient, he soon returned to Moscow - to family, to his present case.
Even in 1782, Cossacks began construction of the Moscow University. The image of the forge "enlightened mind" gave him hard, think of the options: one, two, three ...
The building was erected more than ten years, in part - in three stages. Simultaneously
Kazakov improve its architectural appearance: refused complicated elements, the abundance of sculptures, sought simplicity and majesty. Completion of the building, which became part of an organic ensemble of central Moscow, for its architecture reminiscent of the large urban homestead.
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. Another extremely difficult task to decide the artistic master of the house in the drafting of the Noblesse
. In contrast to the University and other major public buildings, it was rebuilt from an old house. However, the main difficulty was again in the development of a completely new way of public buildings. And, note,
Kazakov paying more attention to this interior, creating a masterpiece - the famous Hall of Columns of the Noble Assembly. / This room simple and noble architecture was destined to become the focus of life of citizens "nobility of the Republic.
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. No wonder the shape it resembles the ancient Greek agora or the Roman Forum, a gathering citizens of ancient republics.
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. Externally, the Noble House collection also differed little from the large urban estates, which in those years, embellished Moscow
. Classical architecture of Moscow estates, as well as close to them in the image of farmsteads in rural, full of pathos public. "Man is born to the hostel," - this famous Radishchevskaya formula is consistent with the ideological program of both public and residential buildings of classic.
Kazakov, as no one who knew how to express this idea of the language of architecture, was an unsurpassed master of a new type of detached house. Them being built in Moscow, great estates became a recognized model of artistic taste. Especially a lot of them were built on Tverskaya, Moscow's main street then after a fire in 1773. But probably not in the Moscow region, where
Kazakov would not have to build a classic estate. The best and most famous of them - the house on the street Gorokhovaya rich-breeder Ivan Demidov, a grand gingerbread state rooms, the so-called "golden" room (1780e), and other houses on Petrovka on Ilyinke, the Butcher. In their state rooms, elegant and beautiful, to create a festive welcoming atmosphere of communication.
Architect scale and deep reveals the theme of harmony, so much to his contemporaries. If you try to select from a huge legacy
Kazakova only one product where this topic has been embodied most fully, we should recognize that this Golitsyn Hospital - one of the last major works of the master (end of XVIII century). Creating a Kaluga Gate, on the outskirts of Moscow and then on the bank of the Moskva River, a vast hospital complex, he again turned to the universal model of its time - to the farm.
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Matvey Kazakov's name is firmly associated with the whole classical (before the fire), Moscow, because that is his main, then gave the best buildings face the city
. Almost all of them were built in the style of mature Classicism. However, Moscow's well-established definition of the Enlightenment as a "classic" is not entirely accurate. This is a unique city - the ancient Kremlin, churches and bell towers, gardens and orchards was daunting and beautiful manor. The medieval urban landscape was perceived at that time something of a picturesque park in the spirit of sentimentalism, . where, . like a giant park pavilion, . towering temple of the Act (Senate), . Real Estate Sciences (University), . altars of Happiness (rotunda), . Forum Virtue (Noble collection) ..,
. Those filled with simplicity and grandeur of the building, monuments embody the basic ideas of the Enlightenment.
We must mention that
Kazakov perhaps the only one of the major artists of the Enlightenment in Russia has created what is called a school. With good reason we can speak of Russian classicism
Kazakovskaya School. Incidentally, even the house of the architect in Zlatoust Lane was not just the family home, but also a kind of home university arts. Here, under the leadership
Kazakova many years operated school of architecture. Among his students - architects Rodion
Kazakov, delete from, Sokolov, Beauvais, Tyurin, Bakary.
Through the efforts of many of them recovered burned in 1812, Moscow, Moscow
Kazakovskaya. The architect himself has not experienced those disastrous events. Before joining the French in Moscow, the family took away the old master in Ryazan. There he met the news of the death of the city, which were given to the works of his life. Not shifting the strike,
Kazakov, died Oct. 26 in Ryazan, and was buried in the Holy Trinity monastery on the outskirts of the city.
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. Significantly, . that in recent years, the architect, . if anticipating the approach of the unprecedented scale cultural tragedy, . collected together with his students the most important buildings of the classical designs of Moscow, . who were well-known albums
Kazakova - an architectural encyclopedia of the Enlightenment,
. These albums were apparently part is truly a grand design - "Moscow's General Atlas of fasadicheskih plans", representing a kind of portrait of the capital, the nobility of the Republic ", in other words, the artistic model of Moscow. Work on fasadicheskim plan ", which began in 1800, was not brought to the end, the traces of the same finished its fragments lost. Only the preparatory work, including the - already mentioned architectural albums - the main source of information about the work of the great master.
Architects of St. Petersburg XIX - early XX century. SPb., Lenizdat. 1998.
Biography
