Kalinowski Balthasar Fomich

(1827 - 1884) of Polish origin, from the nobility Kovno province. After graduating from the course of St. Petersburg University in 1851. on a desktop office Faculty of Law, Kalinowski was a teacher of history and statistics in the St. Petersburg military schools. In 1859, Mr.. received a master's degree in political economy discourse on the development and dissemination of ideas of free trade and the use of its positive legislation in the major Western European nations "(St. Petersburg, 1859). Then he published a collection Ogryzko article "On the working class in England". In 1861, Mr.. Kalinowski was elected assistant professor at the University of St. Petersburg on the faculty of law of public duties and finances, but the lectures did not read, due to the closure of the University of. In 1862, Mr.. Kalinowski went abroad and visited Herzen in London, which led to his dismissal from office. Shortly after he was exiled, first to Astrakhan, then from Kazan, where he was tried in Biisk. In the late 60's, Mr.. he was allowed to settle in Tula, where he was secretary of the provincial statistical committee. In 1873, Mr.. Kalinowski moved to St. Petersburg and entered the bar, assistant VD. Spasovich, which was connected a long-standing friendship, with 1878. a barrister. With a university career ended and scientific activities Kalinowski. The writing of his free trade is entirely to the formation of the economic thinking, for which the existence of "immutable laws" of political economy, t. e. the principle of economic freedom, with all its partial findings, was the main scientific dogma. Kalinowski deeply convinced that "between the interests of private and public, there can be no contradiction; with special fondness he quotes the author of" economic harmony ", Fr. Bastiat; social point of view, he uses only as a weapon against protectionism. The historical dependence of the direction of trade policy on the level of economic development and the interests of the economically dominant class is not attracted the attention Kalinowski. P. S.