Boborykin Peter D.

Honorary Academician (1900). Born 15 (27) in August 1836 in Nizhny Novgorod, who comes from an ancient noble family. He studied at the Faculty of Kazan University, from 1855 - at the Department of Chemistry, University of Dorpat, in 1857 joined the faculty of medicine. In 1860, without completing education, he moved to St. Petersburg, where in 1861 at St. Petersburg University passed the exam on the degree of candidate of the right.
Began to write with his high-school years, the first publication - comedy Odnodvorets "(1860). Early drama Boborykin the child and the old evil "(both 1861)," Mother and Child "(1864), an autobiographical novel," The Path-way "(1862-1864) are not written without the influence of VA Sollogub, with whose family Boborykin made friends in these years. Extremely sociable, he quickly became a community of creative intelligentsia. In 1863-1865 he published "Library for reading ', held moderately liberal stance, has ceased publication due to financial difficulties. From 1865, . while abroad, . was in the midst of the socio-political, . philosophical, literary and artistic life of Western Europe, . in the novel "Changing the field" (1866) reflected the impressions of Paris, . where, . particularly, . friends with the major philosophers and historians, positivists (I. Taine, . Dzh.S.Mill, . Herbert Spencer and others), . writers (A.Dyuma-son, . Dzh.Eliot, . W. Collins), . journalists and political figures (the future Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of France, L. Gambetta),
. Sam Boborykin was a correspondent for several Russian periodicals in 1868-1869 participated in various international congresses, in t.ch. the Brussels and Basle congresses I International; met with AI Herzen.

After the publication of the comedy of peasant life "Ivan da Marya" (post. 1867), . articles on French and Russian theater and extensive monograph "Theater" (1872), . where, . particularly, . Much has been said about the AN Ostrovsky, . which Boborykin admired reformer of Russian stage, . however, seen almost exclusively talented bytopisatelya merchant Moscow, . Boborykin serves primarily as a novelist (socio-psychological novels "Evening Sacrifice", . 1868, . on the 'woman question' and brought the author fame 'immoral' the writer on the court, . 1869, . inspired by the trial of A.V.Suhovo-Kobylin),
. In 1870 Boborykin collaborated with the 'Notes of the Fatherland', where since 1871 headed the foreign department. After traveling on assignment in the Paris edition published essays "On the ruins of Paris" (1871) and "Essay on the History of the Commune" (unpublished). In which the defeat of the Commune is associated with the crisis of European democracy. Actual aspects of modern life are reflected in the stories ( "Faraonchiki", . 1871, . etc.), . novels "solid virtues" (1870) and "Dealers" (1872-1873), . highlighting the life and customs of the Russian bourgeoisie, . socio-economic study of Russian Sheffield,
. (Essays on the village of Pavlov) (1877). Acute for Russian society, 1860-1870-ies 'Slavic' raised the question of the novel "Doctor Tsybul'ka" (1874), lovingly-psychological novel "Dashing Bolesta" (1876) reflected the disappointment Russia's intelligentsia, in its 'going to the people'

. For works Boborykin, . 'writer-empiricist', . reaction is fast on the 'news of the day' and the desire to maximize an objective and detailed analysis of the detailed letter, . were characterized by saturation of factual material, . abundance of characters, . trudnovosprinimaemaya branching story,
. Since 1876 the writer is fond of the new trend - naturalism (article "The real romance in France, 1976, etc.), met with E. Zola, E. Goncourt, A. Daudet, and other writers, naturalists, actively promoting the homeland 'zolaizm'. In the 1870's Boborykin printed in many Russian periodicals (both, . in the journal 'word' - the novel "by themselves", . 1878, . article "Thoughts on criticism and literary work" and "The motives and methods of Russian fiction", . both 1878, . play "Fat", . 1879),
. Since publication of the novel "half-life" (1873) - about the period, . preceding the abolition of serfdom in Russia, . - Began long-term cooperation Boborykin with the magazine 'The Herald of Europe', . which saw the light of his numerous novels: "China Town" (1882) - one of the most famous works Boborykin, . focussing on the merchant Moscow early 1880, "From the new" (1887), . "Damage" (1890), . dedicated to finding and walk intellectuals period of crisis, "Vasily Terkin" (1892), . where Boborykin tried to show the emergence in Russia like-minded merchant-capitalists, "Pass" (1894), . on the problem of convergence of the national bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia and the justification of the theory of 'small deeds'; "Walker" (1895, in the same year Boborykin seeking a meeting with Engels), . "Princess" (1896), . "In another" (1897), . get a sharp tip Zasulich and approval of Lenin for the desire to understand the essence of disputes between the Populists and the Marxists, "Thrust" (1898), . showing the hopeless lives of textile workers and the futility of attempts to radically alleviate her with educational organizations,
. 'Social feeling' different strata of Russian society devoted to the story Boborykin "Traitor" (1889), "wiser" (1890) - on the common during the reaction of 'disease' apostasy; title acquired at the turn of 19-20 centuries. nature of the winged expression (Boborykin attributed to the introduction of the Russian language the word 'intelligentsia').

Later work Boborykin closely linked to the Russian stage. Put his play "old scores" (1883), "Dr. Moshkov", "Stamp" (both 1884), "On the battle" (1891), "scum" (1899, etc.. ref. - "Hysteria", . 1900); 1877 Boborykin manages private theatrical school in Moscow, . lectures on Russian theater and stage art in society and the Moscow Dramatic Theater School, in 1883-1885 - a member of the Theatrical and Literary Committee, . 1891 - Head of the repertoire and the artistic part of the theater E. Goreva in Moscow in 1897 - Chairman of the All-Russia Congress of stage actors,


. Among the more than 100 novels, . stories, . pieces and other publications Boborykin story "Classmates" (1901) - about the artistic life of the early 20 century., . "Brothers" (1904), . which Zemstvo, . altruist and ascetic, . opposed to selfish artist; novel "The Great Disruption: A Family Chronicle" (1908), . show the life of the intellectuals of the period 1 st of the Russian Revolution, the memories "For half a century" (1906-1913; neokonch.) and "Results of the oldest (1917); study, . on the history of Russian and European novel,
. Since 1914 the writer lived abroad.

Died Boborykin in Lugano (Switzerland) August 12, 1921.