GOGOL Nikolai Vasilyevich [20 March (1 April) 1809, Great place
. Sorochintsy Mirgorodskogo County Poltava province - February 21 (March 4)
. 1852, Moscow], Russian writer.
. Literary notoriety
Gogol was brought by the "Evenings on a Farm near
. Dikanki "(1831-1832), saturated Ukrainian ethnographic material,
. romantic mood, lyricism and humor
. Stories from
"Mirgoros" and "Arabesque" (both - 1835) offer a realistic period
Gogol's. Subject humiliation "little man" fullest
embodied in the story "The Overcoat" (1842), which is associated with the formation
natural school. Grotesque beginning "of the Petersburg stories" ( "Nose"
"Portrait") has developed in the comedy "The Inspector" (production 1836) as
phantasmagoria officer-bureaucratic world. In the poem-novel "Dead
soul "(1-st volume - 1842) the satirical ridicule landlord Russia has incorporated
with the fervor of spiritual transfiguration of human. Religious book publicist
"Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends" (1847) called the critical letter
In. G. Belinsky. In 1852,
Gogol burned the manuscript of the second volume of "Dead Souls".
Gogol had a decisive influence on the adoption of the humanistic and
democratic principles in the Russian literature.
Family. Childhood Years
Future classic of Russian literature came from a landowning family
middle class:
Gogol was about 400 serfs and more than 1000
acres. The ancestors of the writer's father's side were hereditary
. priests, but the grandfather of the writer Athanasius Dem'yanovich left the spiritual
. career and joined the hetman's office, he added, is to
. his name Yanovsky another -
Gogol, which was to demonstrate
. the origin of the genus known in Ukrainian history, the 17 th century, Colonel
. Eustache (Ostap)
Gogol (this fact does not find sufficient evidence).
. His father, Basil Afanassyevitch, served at the post office Malorossiyskom
. Mother Mary
Ivanovna, who came from landowning family Kosyarovskih, was reputed to be the first
beautiful woman in Poltava region, married Basil Afanasievich she came
fourteen. In the family, in addition to Nicholas, was still five children. Children
years, the future writer had in his own behalf Vasilevka (another name
Yanovshchina) navedyvayas with his parents in the surrounding places - Dikanka,
belonged to the Minister of Interior in. P. Kochubei in Obukhovka, where he lived
writer in. In. Kapnist, but particularly common in Kibintsy, the estate of the former
minister, a distant cousin of
Gogol's mother's side - D. AP
Troshchinsky. With Kibintsami, where there was an extensive library and a home theater
linked early artistic experiences of the future writer. Another
source of strong vpechaileny boy were historical traditions and
Bible stories, in particular, tells his mother about the prophecy
Judgment with a reminder of the inevitable punishment of sinners. Since
Gogol, in the words of the researcher to. V. Motschulsky permanently lived "under the
terror underworld retribution.
"Think about the future, I started early ...". Years teaching. Transfer to
. Petersburg
. At first, Nicholas studied at the Poltava district school (1818-1819), then
. took private lessons with a teacher Poltava Gabriel Sorochinskiy while living with
. his apartment, and in May 1821 joined the newly founded Nezhinskii
. high school science
. Studied,
Gogol pretty average, but differed in
gymnasium theater - as an actor and decorator. By gymnasium period
. are the first literary experiments in poetry and prose, mainly in
. lyrical and sureznom kind ", but also in the comic spirit, for example, satire
. "Something about Nizhin, or fools is not written" (not preserved)
. Most of all,
Gogol, however, is at this time the idea of public service on
field of Justice; such a decision did not come out without the influence of Professor H. G.
. Belousova, taught natural law and subsequently dismissed from the
. school on charges of "freethinking" (during the investigation gave
Gogol. testimony in his favor).
. After high school
Gogol in December 1828 along with one of his
. And closest friends
. With. Danilevsky arrives in St. Petersburg, where he
. lies in wait for a number of blows and disappointments: Unable to obtain the desired
. place; poem Ganz Kyuhelgarten, written, apparently, still in high-school
. time and published in 1829 (under the pseudonym in
. Alov) meets killer
feedback from reviewers (
Gogol immediately buys up almost all copies of the book and
betrays his fire) this may have been added love experiences, about
he said in a letter to his mother (dated 24 July 1829). All this makes
.
Gogol's sudden leave from St. Petersburg to Germany.
. Upon his return to Russia (in September the same year)
Gogol finally
. unable to determine the service - initially in the Department of State
. economy and public buildings, and then in the Department of principalities
. Bureaucratic
activity does not bring satisfaction to
Gogol, but the new publication
(story "Bisavryuk, or even on the eve of Ivan Kupala, articles and essays)
pay him more attention. The writer ties the vast
literary acquaintance, in particular, in. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Pletnev,
who at his home in May 1831 (obviously, the 20 th) presented
Gogol A. S.
. Pushkin.
. "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka"
. In the autumn of that year, went 1-I part of the collection of stories from the Ukrainian
. life "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" (in the next year appeared 2-I
. part), enthusiastically greeted by Pushkin: "That's real fun,
. sincere, relaxed, without affectation, without stiffness
. And some places
Poetry !...". However, the "fun" of
Gogol's book displayed a
shades - from light-hearted teasing to the dark comedy,
close to the black humor. With all its fullness and sincerity of feelings
Gogol. characters in a world in which they live, the tragic conflict: occurs
. termination of natural and kinship ties, in the natural order of things
. invade mysterious forces unreal (imaginary relies primarily
. way to the popular demonology)
. Already in the evening ... " manifested
.
Gogol create unusual art piece, a complete and living on
. own laws artistic space.
. After the first book of prose,
Gogol - the famous writer.
. In the summer of 1832 he enthusiastically welcomed in Moscow, where he met with M.
. P
. Pogodin, C. T. Aksakov and his family, M. S. Shchepkin and others.
. Next trip
Gogol in Moscow, equally successful, was held in the summer of 1835.
. as Adjunct Professor of General History of St. Petersburg
. University) and devoted himself entirely to writing.
. Health centers and the "Petersburg" cycle
. "Inspector"
1835 neobychaen of creative intensity and breadth of
Gogol plans. This year went the following two collections of prose
. works - the "Arabesque" and "Mirgoros" (both in two parts), work has begun
. on the poem "Dead Souls", finished in the main comedy "Inspector", written
. first edition of the comedy "groom" (future "Marriage")
. Announced new
creations of the writer, including the upcoming in St. Petersburg
Alexandrinsky theater premiere of "Inspector General" (April 19, 1836), Pushkin noted
in its "Contemporary": "Mr.
Gogol is still ahead. We wish and hope to have
often occasion to speak of it in our magazine ". By the way, in Pushkin's journal
.
Gogol actively published, in particular, as a critic (the article "On the Motion
. journal literature in 1834 and 1835).
. "Mirgoros" and "Arabesque" marked a new artistic worlds on the map
.
Gogol universe
. Thematically similar to "evening ..." (malorossiyskaya "
. life), Mirgorodskii cycle that brings together the story "Old World Landowners"
. "Taras Bulba", "Vij", "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan
. Nikiforovichem "reveals a sharp change in angle and fine
. scale: instead of strong and sharp features - vulgarity and impersonality
. inhabitants, instead of poetry and deep feelings - lingering, almost
. reflex movements
. Ordinariness of modern life shaded
. flamboyant and extravagant past, but so striking
. manifested itself in him, in the past, the deep inner conflict by
. (for example, "Taras Bulba" - The Clash individualized
. loving feelings with community interests)
. Peace is "the Petersburg stories"
. of "Arabesques" ( "Nevsky Prospect", "Diary of a Madman", "Portrait"; to them
. adjoin published later, respectively, in 1836 and 1842, "The Nose" and
. "The Overcoat") - a world of a modern city with its sharp social and
. ethical conflicts, break characters, disturbing and ghostly
. atmosphere
. The highest degree of generalization reached in
Gogol's "Inspector"
. which "rallying the city" as if imitating the livelihoods of any more
. major social associations, up to the state, Russia Empire
. or even humanity in general
. Instead of the traditional active engine
. intrigue - rogue or adventurer - the epicenter of conflict raised
. involuntary deceiver (imaginary Auditor Khlestakov), which gave all
. going on further, grotesque lighting, increased to the limit
. final "silent stage"
. Liberated from the specific details
. "punishment of vice," the first effect itself universal shock
. (which emphasized the symbolic moment of the duration of fossilization), this
. scene opened up the possibility of different interpretations, including
. eschatological - as a reminder of the inevitable Judgment.
. Ledger
. In June 1836,
Gogol (again with Danilevsky) going abroad, where
. He spent a total of more than 12 years, except for two visits to
. Russia - in 1839-40 and in 1841-42
. The writer lived in Germany, Switzerland,
France, Austria, Czech Republic, but the longest in Italy, continuing to work on
"Dead Souls", the plot of which (like the "Inspector") was suggested to him
Pushkin.
Gogol inherent generality of the scale we now have
. spatial expression: the extent of Chichikov fraud (buying
. "registered males" dead people) Russian life was supposed to reveal
. many ways - not only from the "lowland its ranks, but also more
. high, significant manifestations
. At the same time revealed and the depth
. key motive of the poem: the concept of "dead soul", and hence the antithesis of
. "live" - "dead" to the specific usage (deceased
. peasant, "Revizskaya soul") moved into a portable and
. symbolic semantics
. Was there a problem immobilization and recovery
the human soul, and in this context - society as a whole, the Russian world
First of all, but through him and all of mankind today. With complexity
plan related genre specific "Dead Souls" (the "poem"
pointed to the symbolic meaning of the piece, the special role of the narrator and
Copyright positive ideal).
The second volume of "Dead Souls". "Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends"
After the first volume (1842) work on the second volume (started back in
1840) flowed especially hard and painful. In the summer of 1845 in heavy
. emotional state,
Gogol burned the manuscript of this volume, explaining their later
. decision is the fact that "ways and roads" to the ideal, the revival of the human
. spirit does not have enough truthful and credible expression
. However
compensating for the long-promised second volume, and in anticipation of the general movement of meaning
poem,
Gogol in "Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends" (1847) addressed
a more direct, journalistic explain their ideas. With particular force
highlighted in this book, the need for internal Christian
education and rehabilitation and all, without which there can be no
public improvements. Simultaneously,
Gogol works and writings of
. theological nature, the most significant of which - "Reflections on
. Divine Liturgy "(published posthumously in 1857).
. In April 1848, after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to the Holy Sepulcher,
.
Gogol finally returns home
. Many months of 1848 and 1850-51 he
. holds in Odessa and the Ukraine and the fall of 1848 visitor to St. Petersburg in 1850
. and 1851 visits Optina desert, but most of the time living in Moscow.
. By the beginning of 1852 was re-designed version of the second volume, head of
. which read
Gogol's closest friends - A
. O. Smirnova-Rosset, P. AP
Shevyryov, M. P. Pogodin C. T. Aksakov and members of his family and others.
. Disapproved of the product Rzhevskij Archpriest Father Matthew
. (Constantine), whose preaching rigor and sustained moral
. largely self-determined state of mind of
Gogol in the last
. period of his life.
. On the night of 11 to 12 February at the house on Nikitsky Boulevard, where
Gogol lived
. Count A
. P. Tolstoy, in a state of profound spiritual crisis writer
burn a new version of the second volume. A few days later, the morning of Feb. 21
. he dies.
. The funeral took place of the writer with an enormous crowd of people at the cemetery
. St. Daniel Monastery (1931
Gogol's remains were reburied at
. Novodevichy Cemetery).
. "A four-Prose"
. In the historical perspective of
Gogol's work revealed
. gradually, revealing the progress of time all the deeper levels of their
. For
. its immediate successors, representatives of the so-called
. natural school, the paramount importance were the social motives, the withdrawal
. prohibitions on every subject and material, household concreteness, as well
. humanistic pathos in the depiction of the "little man"
. At the turn of 19 and 20
. centuries with particular force opened a Christian philosophical and moral
. perspective
Gogol works, then the perception of creativity
.
Gogol supplemented by a sense of particular complexity and irrationality of his
. art world and the visionary courage and his unconventional
. expressive manner
. "
Gogol's prose, at least four-dimensional. His
can be compared with his contemporary mathematician Lobachevsky, who blew
Euclid world ... "(In. Nabokov). All this led to enormous and
.
Gogol's increasing role in contemporary world culture.
.
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