Sergey
Pavlovich Korolyov-eminent designer and scientist working in the field of missile and rocket and space technology. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize winner, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, he is the creator of the national strategic missiles of medium and intercontinental-range missiles and the founder of practical space. His design work in the field of missile technology are exceptional value for the development of national missile, and in space are globally significant. He is on the right is the father of the national rocket and space technology, has ensured a strategic parity and make our state advanced rocket and space power.
With. P.
Korolev was born January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhytomyr (Ukraine) in the family of teacher Paul Yakovlevich Korolyov (1877-1929). He was about three years old when her parents divorced. By decision of the mother, Serguey sent to Nizhin to grandparents.
. From 1917 he lived with his stepfather and mother, . Grigory M. and Maria Nikolaevna Balanin, . Odessa, . where with their help at home studying curriculum, . In school years
Sergei has exceptional ability and indomitable thirst for the then new aviation technology,
. In 1922-24 he studied at the vocational school building, being engaged in many circles and at different rates.
. In 1921, met with the pilots of the Odessa gidrootryada and actively participated in the aviation public life: from 16 years as a lecturer on the Elimination of aviabezgramotnosti, . and with 17 - as the author of the draft non-motorized aircraft K-5, . officially protected before the competent commission and recommended to the building.,
. Entering in 1924
. the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, the profile of aviation equipment, the King for two years, has mastered it in general engineering, and became an athlete-gliding. Autumn 1926. He transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (Moscow Higher Technical School).
During studies in MVTU C. P.
Korolev had already gained fame as a young capable aircraft and experienced glider pilot. Designed and constructed of aircraft: gliders 'Koktebel', 'Red Star' and a light aircraft SK-4, designed to achieve a record distance flight - have shown exceptional ability as an aircraft designer Queen. But he was particularly fascinated by flying in the stratosphere and the principles of the Jet Propulsion. In September 1931,. S. P.
Korolev and talented enthusiast in the field of rocket engines F. A. Zander is seeking to establish in Moscow with the help of Osoaviahnma NGO-Group Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD): In April 1932. it is essentially the state of scientific and engineering laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft, which are created and launched the first domestic liquid ballistic missiles (BR) GIRD-09 and GIRD-10.
In 1933. at Moscow and Leningrad GIRD gasdynamic Laboratory (GDL) is based Rocket Research Institute under the direction and. T. Kleimenova. S. P. King appoints his deputy. However, the divergence of views with leaders of GDL on the development prospects of rocket technology makes C. P. Queen go to the creative engineering work, and he as head of the rocket aircraft in 1936. managed to bring to test cruise missiles: anti-217 with the powder rocket engines and long-range-212 liquid-propellant rocket engines.
Arrest and work in closed KB
In 1938, P. P.
Korolev was arrested on charges of involvement in the Trotskyist organization and sabotage (misappropriation of funds) and the CCA NKVD sentenced to 10 years in labor camp. In 1939 came to the Kolyma gold mine Maldyak, where he was busy at t. n. 'general works'. Autumn of 1940 he was transferred to a new place of detention - Moscow's special prison of the NKVD CDB-29, where under the guidance of a. N. Tupolev, also a prisoner, took an active part in the creation of Pe-2 bombers and Tu-2 and at the same time proactively developed projects managed aerotorpedy and a new version of the missile interceptor. This was the reason for the transfer of the Queen in 1942 to another type of prison KB - OKB-16 at the Kazan aircraft plant? 16, where people were working on new types of rocket engines in order to apply them in the air. S. P.
Korolev, with his usual enthusiasm is given to the idea of the practical use of rocket engines for the improvement of aviation: the reduction of the length of the takeoff run the aircraft during takeoff and increasing speed and dynamic performance aircraft during aerial combat.,
. Arrest and stay in the Gulag for all infected queen pessimistic attitude towards the surrounding reality
. According to the recollections of people who knew him, favorite saying
Sergei Pavlovich was the phrase 'slap without an obituary:'.
Development of ballistic missiles
May 13, 1946, Mr.. it was decided to establish a branch in the Soviet Union to develop and produce missile with liquid rocket engines. In accordance with the same resolution called for unification of all groups of Soviet engineers in the study of the German missile V-2, working with 1945. in Germany, in a single research institute "Nordhausen", whose director was appointed geneoal Major L. M. Gaidukov, as chief engineer and technical director - P. P.
Korolev. In Germany,
Sergei Pavlovich not only examines the German V-2 rocket, but also designing an improved ballistic missile with a range of up to 600 km.
Soon all Soviet specialists returned to the Soviet Union in the scientific research institutes and engineering offices, created under government regulation, referred to the May. In August 1946,. S. P.
Korolev was appointed chief designer of the range ballistic missiles and the head of the department N3 NII-88 for their development.
The first task set by the Government before C. P.
Korolev as chief designer and all organizations involved in missile weapons, was to create an analogue of the V-2 rocket from domestic materials. But already in 1947. the decision on the development of new ballistic missiles with more than the V-2, range: up to 3000 km. In 1948, Mr.. S. P.
Korolev began flight-design tests of ballistic missile R-1 (analogue of the V-2) and in 1950, Mr.. successfully delivers on its weapons. This missile differed from the German is much more reliable. Parallel. P.
Korolev is razrabogku new ballistic missile V-2 rockets with a range of 600 km. Rocket R-2 was carrying a tank of fuel, more convenient to use layout and, most importantly, separating in flight combat warhead. In addition, the rocket propulsion system has been significantly refined to increase its thrust, and the system of autonomous control had twice the accuracy of fire. Rocket R-2 was put into service in 1951, t. e. just a year later, the rocket R-1.
Together with the practical work on rocketry in NII-88 under the scientific supervision of P. I. Queen began large-scale design and experimental studies on topics HI, H-2, H-3 with a view to establishing a scientific and technical reserve for the development of qualitatively new BR
. On the subject H-1 were carried out experimental and theoretical study of the main technical problems, . associated with a development of rocket R-3, . has a flight range of 3000 km: it was necessary to ensure the stability of a missile besstabilizatornoy (aerodynamically unstable) of the scheme and to obtain data on the behavior of boiling liquid oxygen in the oxidizer tank termoneizolirovannom carrier is in motion during the active phase of flight at high external heat flow into the mass of liquid oxygen,
. On the basis of constructive decision missile R-2, using its force-engine single-pilot was created by BR P-FOR besstabilizatornoy scheme with a range of 1200 km. Successful flight tests of the missile was given authority to the Ministry of Defense adopt it in 1956. with a nuclear warhead as the R-5M. This was the first domestic strategic missiles, became the basis for a nuclear missile shield of our country.
On the subject of H-2 have been performed investigating the possibility and feasibility of ballistic missiles, working on stable vysokoknpyaschih propellants (using as an oxidizer nitric acid and oxides of nitrogen). The result was confirmed by the establishment of such missiles and carried out preliminary design of the first Soviet BR P-11 with a range of 250 km and a launch mass of less than half than the P-1. However, given the environmental toxicity of nitrogen oxides and less energy characteristics of a stable liquid fuel compared to petroleum-based liquid oxygen and kerosene, . and then encountered serious problems with the development of rocket engines with thrust required (more than 8 g), . steadily working on these propellants, . was considered appropriate to apply the nitric acid oxidant with oxides of nitrogen for BR with a relatively short range of flight,
. When you create the same missiles with greater range, and especially intercontinental, it was recommended as an oxidant to use liquid oxygen. This direction of development of rocket technology
Sergei Pavlovich was faithful throughout his creative activity.
Ministry of Defense instructed the OKB-1 NII-88 missile design H-11, and C. P.
Korolev brilliantly decided specified task, using the newly created anti-aircraft missiles for the 8-ton engine A. M. Isayev and the first time to use the liquid pressure accumulator to supply fuel to the combustion chamber.
Based on P-11 P. P.
Korolev has developed and put into service in 1957. Strategic R-11M missile with a nuclear warhead transported in the filled form in a tank chassis. Significantly modify the rocket, he adapted it for arming submarines (PL) as the R-11FM. Changes were more than serious, because there are new control system and sighting, and allow firing at a fairly strong swell from the freeboard of PL, t. e. when seeling. Thus, Sergey
Pavlovich has created the first ballistic missiles in stable propellants mobile land and sea-based and was a pioneer in this new and important directions of development of missile.
The final fine-tuning of the missile R-11FM he handed in Zlatoust, in the SKB-385 seconded there from his OKB-1 of the young talented lead designer in the. P. Makeyev, together with skilled designers and constructors, thus laying the foundation for creating a unique center for the development of ballistic missiles, sea-based.
On the subject of H-3 were conducted important research project, in which has been proved in principle the possibility of developing long-range missile flight up in the two-stage intercontinental circuits. Based on the results of these studies, according to government regulation in NII-88 were initiated two research work under the direction of P. P. Queen to determine the shape and parameters of intercontinental ballistic and cruise missile types (themes T-1 and T-2) with the necessary experimental validation of design problem solving.
Studies on T-1 grown in the experimental design work (chief designer of C. P.
Korolev), associated with the creation of the first two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 packet scheme, which at the present time, surprised by its original design solutions, ease of performance, high reliability and cost. Rocket R-7 made the first flight milestones in August 1957.
As a result of the study on the T-2 was shown the possibility of developing a two-stage intercontinental cruise missile, the first step of which was pure rocket and derive the second-stage cruise missile, to a height of 23-25 km. Winged stage with Ramjet rocket engine continued to fly at those altitudes at speeds of Mach 3 and to induce the target with the help navigation system management, operational and day.
Given the importance of developing such weapons, the government decided to start development work and the forces of the Ministry of Aviation Industry (MAP) (chief designers with. A. Lavochkin and B. M. Myasishchev). Project materials on the topic of T-2 were transferred to the MAP, there were also transferred some specialists and units involved in the design navigation system administration.
The first intercontinental missile R-7, despite the many new design and engineering problems, was created in record time and commissioned into service in 1960.
Later On. P.
Korolev was developing a more sophisticated compact two-stage intercontinental missile R-9 (as an oxidizer used supercooled liquid oxygen) and deliver it (mine version of the R-9A) on arms in 1962. Later, in parallel with work on major space systems
Sergei Pavlovich began first in the country to develop solid-propellant intercontinental missile RT-2, which was put on the arms after his death. At the OKB-1 P. P. Queen ceased to engage in militant rocket theme and concentrate on establishing the priority of space systems and unique launch vehicle.
Being engaged in warfare with ballistic missiles,. P.
Korolev, as is now evident, aim higher, to the conquest of outer space and manned space flights. To this end,
Sergei Pavlovich more in 1949. together with scientists from the USSR began to research using modification of rocket R-1A through their regular runs to the vertical height of 100 km, and then with the help of more powerful rockets R-2 and P-5 N, and height of 200 and 500 km respectively. The purpose of these flights have been studying the parameters of the near space, . solar and galactic radiation, . Earth's magnetic field, . behavior of animals in highly space environment (weightlessness, . overload, . high vibration and acoustic loads), . as well as working out means of livelihood and return the animals to the Earth from space - produced about seven dozen of startups,
. These
Sergei Pavlovich advance laid the foundations for serious assault on human space.
In 1955, Mr.. long before the flight tests P-7. P.
Korolev, M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov leave the government with a proposal for putting into space by rocket R-7 artificial Earth satellite (satellite). The Government supports this initiative. In August 1956,. OKB-1 comes from the NII-88 and becomes an independent organization, the chief designer and director who shall be selected. P.
Korolev. And already October 4, 1957, Mr.. S. P.
Korolev launches into orbit the first satellite in the history of mankind. His flight is a stunning success and creates our country, the high international prestige.
April 12, 1961, Mr.. S. P.
Korolev, once again amazes the world community. Created the first manned spacecraft 'East', it implements the world's first manned flight - USSR citizen Yuri Gagarin in low Earth orbit.
Sergei Pavlovich in addressing human exploration of outer space is not in a hurry. The first spacecraft made only one revolution: no one knew, . how people will feel at such a prolonged weightlessness, . cal loads will act on it during an unusual and unexplored space travel,
. After the first flight of S. A. Gagarin August 6, 1961, Mr.. Herman Titov ship Vostok-2 'was carried second space flight, which lasted one day. Again - a thorough assessment of the impact of flight conditions on the functioning of the organism. Then the joint flight of the spacecraft Vostok-3 'and' Vostok-4 ', manned by cosmonauts A. N. Nikolayev and P. R. Popovich, from 11 to 12 August 1962, between the astronauts was a direct radio. The following year, the joint flight of astronauts in. F. Autograph and B. V. Tereshkova aboard spacecraft Vostok-5 'and' Vostok-6 'from 14 to 16 June 1963, examines the possibility of flight in space, women. Behind them, from 12 to 13 October 1964, in the space crew of three different specialties: captain, flight engineer and a doctor at a more complex spacecraft 'Sunrise'. March 18, 1965, Mr.. in 'flight time on the ship "Voskhod-2' with a crew of two people cosmonaut A. A. Leonov performs the first in the world out in the open space in a spacesuit through the airlock
. By monitoring the sequence of perfect space flight, . can not ignore a clear methodical sequence of human space exploration and preparation for the establishment of scientific manned orbiting stations (DOS), . the need for which C,
. P. King said at the beginning of the storming of the cosmos;
Continuing to develop a program of manned near-Earth missions,
Sergei Pavlovich began to implement their ideas on the development of manned DOS. Its prototype was fundamentally new, more advanced than previous ones, the spaceship 'Soyuz'. The structure of this ship was part of living quarters, where astronauts could stay for a long time with no spacesuits and carry out scientific research. During the mission also provided an automatic docking of two spacecraft in orbit 'Union' and the transition cosmonauts from one craft to another through open space in spacesuits. Unfortunately,
Sergei Pavlovich did not live to put their ideas into spaceships 'Union'.
To achieve manned space flight and launch of unmanned space stations. P.
Korolev develops on the basis of combat missile family committed three-way and four-carrier. Thus, the contribution of C. P. Queen of the development of domestic and international manned space flight is a crucial
. Responding to the cosmic success of the Soviet Union in the field of manned space flight, and wishing to restore its technical authority, . U.S. takes fantastic on the objectives and scope of the program "Apollo", . of creating a lunar space complex, . providing landing two astronauts on the moon,
. In response to this challenge, wanting to preserve the priority of the major space achievements,. P.
Korolev by the decision of the Government begins to develop a draft national lunar expeditionary complex H1-LZ. However, this decision was taken much later than in the United States, against the backdrop of an extensive program of manned flights near-Earth and planetary exploration of the solar system. Extremely short time, a large work load on other priority space programs, as well as insufficient financial and production of 'lunar' program did not allow a successor
Sergei Pavlovich, chief designer in. P. Mishin a target date to establish a lunar space complex, a project that was developed during the lifetime of C. P. Queen, and the program had been closed by the government.
Along with the rapid development of manned space flight are working on scientific satellites, the national economic and defense. In 1958, Mr.. developed and flown geophysical satellite, and then paired satellites 'Electron' to study Earth's radiation belts. In 1959, Mr.. created and launched three unmanned spacecraft to the Moon. The first and second, to deliver to the moon pennant of the Soviet Union, the third with a view to photographing the back (invisible) side of the moon. Later On. P.
Korolev began developing an improved apparatus for its lunar soft landing on the lunar surface, photo-grafirovaniya and transmission to Earth of the lunar panorama (item E-6).
Sergei Pavlovich, faithful to his principle involved in the implementation of their ideas other organizations, requests revision of the apparatus of his associates, a native of NII-88 to head in 1965. Yakovlev Design Bureau. S. A. Lavochkin, chief designer Mr.. N. Babakin. In 1966, Mr.. station 'Luna-9' gave the world's first panoramic view of the lunar surface.
Korolev did not witness this triumph. But his case fell into good hands: Yakovlev Design Bureau. S. A. Lavochkin become the largest center for the development of automatic space vehicles to explore the Moon, Venus, Mars, Halley's comet, a satellite of Mars, Phobos and astrophysical research.
In the process of creating a spaceship 'East' C. P.
Korolev began to develop in a constructive basis of the first domestic satellite-fotorazvedchika 'Zenit' for Defense.
Sergei Pavlovich has created two types of these satellites for detailed review and exploration, which began to operate in 1962 - 1963 gg. And gave this important area of space activity to one of his disciples, chief designer of the D. I. Kozlov in the Samara branch of OKB-1 (now Central Specialized KB-TsSKB), where it found a worthy continuation of. Currently TsSKB - big Space Center to develop a satellite to probe the Earth's surface in the interests of defense, national economy and science, as well as to improve the carrier-based R-7 rocket.
With. P.
Korolev gave rise to development and other important areas of satellites. He developed the first domestic satellite communications and broadcasting 'Molniya-1', functioning in highly-orbit. This area C. P.
Korolev sent to the Krasnoyarsk branch of OKB-1 to his disciple, chief designer of M. F. Reshetnev, thus laying the foundation for the birth of the country's largest center for the development of various space systems communications, broadcasting, navigation and geodesy.
It will be seen a particularly significant role in the. P. Queen as a generator of many extraordinary ideas and the progenitor of outstanding design teams working in the field of rocket and space technology. One can only wonder at the multiplicity of talent
Sergei Pavlovich, his inexhaustible creative energy. He is a pioneer of many basic directions of development of national missile, rocket and space technology. It is hard to even imagine what level it would have reached if the untimely death of
Sergei Pavlovich did not interrupt the creative flight of his thoughts.
January 14, 1966 in Moscow,
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, a heart attack after surgery. His death was a tragedy for both the domestic and world space, resulting in a gradually decreased rate of development of space programs. As shown by the further development of space, equal to him on the scale of the individual and does not appear, neither Russia nor the United States. Nevertheless, even today, continuing research program of space exploration, it obzhivanie with the orbiting complex. All this - convincing evidence of historical significance and inherent value of
Sergei Korolyov, who believed that 'Space is the boundless future, the prospects are unlimited, as the universe itself. "
.
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev to the 90-ANNIVERSARY
. Editorial Board of rocket design and astronautics "TsNIIMash
. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
. Encyclopedic reference
.
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907-1966) - Soviet scientist and designer in the field of rocketry and astronautics, . chief designer of the first rockets, . HIS, . manned spacecraft, . founder of practical space, . Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958, . Corresponding Member 1953), . Member of the Presidium of the USSR (1960-1966), . Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, . (1956, . 1961) ..,
. In 1924 he graduated from the Odessa business professional construction school. Since 1927 rabolal in the aviation industry. In 1929 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School and at the same time the Moscow School of pilots and glider pilots pariteley. Since 1930 - in the Central bureau of Plant them. V.R. MENZHINSKY August 1931 - in TsAGI; created a number of airframe (Koktebel "," Red zvvezda ", etc.). After becoming acquainted with the works K.E. Tsiolkovsky
Korolev carried away by the ideas of a missile-type aircraft. In July 1932 appointed head of the Group of studying jet propulsion, where under his leadership, launched the first Soviet missiles on a hybrid fuel "GIRD-09 (August 1933) and liquid fuel" GIRD-X "(November 1933). Chief Engineer, Deputy Chief of Jet Research Institute (1933), head of the cruise missiles (1934), head of the rocket apparatus (1937). In the period of work in RNII
Korolev developed a number of aircraft projects, including projects managed by a cruise missile 212 (flying in 1939) and raketoplanera RP-318-1 (1940). In 1942-46 he worked in
Korolev GDL-OKB deputy chief designer of engines, addressing the issue of mass-produced combat aircraft equipped liquid rocket boosters. From September 1945 to January 1947 sent to Germany in August 1946 was appointed chief designer of ballistic missiles.
Korolev - a pioneer of space exploration. His name is related to the first epoch of remarkable achievements in this area. Talent outstanding scientist and organizer enabled him for many years to guide the work of many research institutes and design to solve large, complex tasks. Scientific and technical ideas of the Queen are widely used in missile and space technology. Under his leadership sozdanypervy space complex, . many geophysical and ballistic missiles, . launched the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, . launch vehicle "Vostok" and its modifications, . artificial satellite, . implemented flights spacecraft Vostok "and" Sunrise ", . for the first time in the history of spaceflight occurred rights and access rights in outer space, created the first series of spacecraft "Moon", . Venus, . Mars, . "Probe", . Satellite series "Elektron", ,
. Without limiting its activities the creation of rocket and spacecraft, .
Korolev, . as the chief designer implemented the overall technical supervision for the first space programs and has pioneered the development of applied research directions, . ensure further progress in the establishment of the LV and spacecraft,
.
Korolev has trained numerous cadres of scientists and engineers, Gold Medal. K.E. Tsiolkovsky Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958), the Lenin Prize (1957). Awarded 2 orders of Lenin, the Order of Honor and medals. In 1966 the USSR established the gold medal of. S.P. Queen "for outstanding achievements in the field of rocket and space technology". Scholarships they. S.P. Queen for university students. In Zhitomir, Moscow (in the beginning of the Avenue of the astronauts), and others. cities built monuments scientist, . a memorial house-museum in Zhitomir, . Moscow and Baikonur, . his name are Kuibyshev Aviation Institute, . streets of many cities, . Two research vessels, . alpine peak in the Pamirs, . Pass on the Tien-Shan, . asteroid, . thalassoids on the Moon,
. Urn with the ashes in the Kremlin wall.
Biographies
Miscellaneous
