AVOGADRO Amedeo (Avogadro, Amedeo)

(1776-1856)
Born August 9, 1776 in Turin in the family court clerk office. He received a law degree and in 1796 became a doctor of law. Got interested in natural sciences, he studied in his spare time, physics, chemistry and mathematics, involved tutoring. Since 1806 - Demonstrator in college at the Turin Academy, 1809 - Professor of Physics of the Royal Lyceum in Vercelli, near Turin. In 1820, for him personally was created department of mathematical physics at the University of Turin, which he led with breaks of about 30 years. Avogadro's known primarily as the creator of the law, now bearing his name. In 1811, he put forward the hypothesis, . that the molecules of simple gases consist of one or more atoms, . and on this basis, formulated the law, . according to which equal volumes of all gases under identical temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules,
. Avogadro's hypothesis was finally adopted only after a half-century chemists. Most of his contemporaries did not understand the difference between simple and complex molecules (atoms and molecules). Against the ideas of Avogadro made by many leading scientists of the time, including Dzh.Dalton, William Wollaston, J. Berzelius. Dalton argued: 'No one can split the atom'. The recognition hypothesis Avogadro's speech contributed to the International Congress of Chemists at Karlsruhe in 1860 C. Cannizzaro, who clearly and convincingly presented Avogadro's law. W. Nernst called Avogadro's law 'horn of plenty, given to us the molecular theory'. In the name of a physical constant called Avogadro's number (Avogadro's number) - number of molecules in 1 mole of any substance or the number of atoms in a gram-mole of any chemical substance simply. In addition, Avogadro published over 40 articles relating to other areas of science. He used Berzelius gave electrochemical interpretation of chemical processes, arranged the elements in a continuous electrochemical series, expressed the new ideas in the field of thermochemistry. He died in Turin, Avogadro July 9, 1856.