VISHNEVSKAYA Galina

Galina Pavlovna Vishnevskaya (Russian: Гали́на Па́вловна Вишне́вская) (25 October 1926 - 11 December 2012) was a Russian soprano opera singer and recitalist who was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1966.

Vishnevskaya was born in Leningrad. She made her professional stage debut in 1944 singing operetta. After a year studying with Vera Nikolayevna Garina, she won a competition held by the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow (with Rachmaninoff's song "O, Do Not Grieve" and Verdi's aria "O patria mia" from Aida) in 1952. The next year, she became a member of the Bolshoi Theatre.

On 9 May 1960, she made her first appearance in Sarajevo at the National Theatre, as Aida. In 1961, she made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Aida; the following year she made her debut at the Royal Opera House with the same role. For her La Scala debut in 1964, she sang Liù in Turandot, opposite Birgit Nilsson and Franco Corelli.

In addition to the roles in the Russian operatic repertoire, Vishnevskaya also sang roles such as Violetta, Tosca, Cio-cio-san, Leonore, and Cherubino.

Benjamin Britten wrote the soprano role in his War Requiem (completed 1962) specially for her.

Vishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007; they performed together regularly (he on piano or on the podium). Both she and Rostropovich were friends of Dmitri Shostakovich, and they made an electrifying recording of his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk for EMI. According to Robert Conquest, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn stayed at their dacha from 1968 while writing much of The Gulag Archipelago.

In 1974, the couple asked the Soviet government for an extended leave and left the Soviet Union. Eventually they settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982, the soprano bade farewell to the opera stage, in Paris, as Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin. In 1987, she stage directed Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar's Bride in Washington, D.C. In 1984, Vishnevskaya published a memoir, Galina: A Russian Story (ISBN 0-15-134250-4), and in 2002, she opened her own opera theatre in Moscow, the "Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Centre".
In 2006, she was featured in Alexander Sokurov's documentary Elegy of a life: Rostropovich, Vishnevskaya. In 2007, she starred in his film Alexandra, playing the role of a grandmother coming to see her grandson in the Second Chechen War. The film premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.

She died at the age of 86 on December 11, 2012.

The diva made many recordings, including Eugene Onegin (1956 and 1970), Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death (1961 and 1976), Britten's War Requiem (with Sir Peter Pears and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, conducted by the composer; 1963), The Poet's Echo (1968), Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov (1970 and 1987), Puccini's Tosca (1976), Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades (with Regina Resnik, 1976), Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (1978), Tchaikovsky's Iolanta (with Nicolai Gedda, 1984), and Prokofiev's War and Peace (1986).

Honours and awards
- Order of Merit for the Fatherland;
2nd class (18 October 2006) - for outstanding contribution to music and many years of fruitful creative activity
3rd class (25 October 1996) - for his great personal contribution to the development of musical art
4th class (18 October 2011) - for outstanding contribution to the development of national musical culture, and many years of teaching and educational activities
- Order of Lenin (1973)
- Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad" (1943)
- Honoured Artist of the RSFSR (1955)
- People's Artist of the RSFSR
- People's Artist of the USSR (1966)
- Diamond Medal of the City of Paris (1977)
- Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1982)
- Commander of the Legion of Honour (France, 1983)
- Doctor of Arts honoris causa, Rivier College (Nashua, New Hampshire, USA)
- Honorary Degree of Doctor of Music, Hamilton College
- Doctor of Music, St. Lawrence University (Canton, NY, USA)
- Honorary Citizen of Kronstadt (1996)
- Tsarskoye Selo Art Prize (2000)
- Honorary Professor of Moscow State University (21 November 2007)
- Order of St Princess Olga Russian Orthodox Church
- Order of St. Euphrosyne, Grand Duchess of Moscow, 2nd class (2011) - in consideration of assistance to the Russian Orthodox Church and in connection with her 85th birthday
- Order of Peter the Great (Police Academy)
- Best Actress (Russian Guild of Film Critics, 2007) - for version of "White Elephant"
- Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation (25 October 2001) - for outstanding contribution to the development of musical art and active charity work