Andrei Sakharov was born in Moscow on 21 May 1921.
His father, Dmitry
Sakharov - a physics teacher, author of the book of problems in his time, and many popular science books. Grandpa Ivan.
Sakharov, . son Arzamas priest, . was a barrister of the Moscow Regional Court, . as the defender has participated in many criminal and political processes, . was a member of the Cadet Party and elector of it in the 2 nd State Duma, . one of the drafters of the collection "Against the Death Penalty",
. Grandmother Maria Petrovna
Sakharov (ur. Domukhovsky) was born on the estate of the parents-nobles in the province of Smolensk.
A Mother. D. Ekaterina A.
Sakharov Sakharov (ur. Sofiane) - the daughter of a hereditary military Alexei Semenovich Sofiane, retired in 1917. of age was in the rank of lieutenant-general, great-granddaughter who was born in the Greek island Zeya, Russia has accepted citizenship and received a knighthood in the reign of Catherine II. Maternal grandmother was the Zenaida Evgrafovna Sofiane (ur. Mukhanova) came from an old noble family Mukhanova, known to generations of paintings from the XVII century. Godfather A.D.S. was a famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser. (More information on ancestors A.D.S. cm. "Banner", 1993,? 12.)
Childhood and early youth of
Andrei Dmitrievich were held in Moscow. The family lived in an apartment, which had once shot his grandfather and which after the revolution became a communal. Primary A.D.S: got home, physics and mathematics with him his father was engaged. In school, he studied with the seventh grade, I finished it in 1938, he entered the Physics Department of Moscow State University. Summer 1941. for health A.D.S. was not taken to a military academy, where they had been credited many of his classmates. After graduating from University with honors in 1942. in Ashgabat in the evacuation, he was sent to the People's Commissariat of arms. Since 1942. A. DS. worked at the munitions factory in Ulyanovsk in an engineer-inventor, had a number of inventions in the field of production control methods. In 1943, Mr..
Andrei Sakharov was married to Claudia Alexeevna Vihirevoy (1919-1969), in 1972. He married Helen Georgiyevna Bonner (genus. 1923).
At the end of 1944. A.D.S. enrolled in correspondence postgraduate FIAN (Physics Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences behalf P.N. Lebedeva), in early 1945,. was transferred to the graduate school. His supervisor was Tamm, later academician, Nobel laureate. Shortly after defending his doctoral dissertation in 1948. A.D.S. was enrolled in the study group dealing with the problem of thermonuclear weapons.
Sakharov's often called the "father of the hydrogen bomb," but he believed that these words are not accurately reflect the complex situation of collective authorship. Since 1950, Mr.. Aq. Sugars and I.E. Tamm began to work together on the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction (the idea of magnetic confinement of plasmas and the underlying calculations installations into controlled thermonuclear fusion). These studies were reported in 1956. I.V. Kurchatov at the conference at Harwell (UK) and are considered pioneering. In 1952, Mr..
Sakharov put forward the idea of magnetic cumulation for superstrong magnetic fields, and in 1961. - The idea of the laser pulse compression to produce a controlled thermonuclear reaction.
Sakharov belong to several key works in cosmology ( "Baryon asymmetry of all the universe", "Multivalent model of the Universe", "The cosmological model of the universe with a turn arrow of time"), work on field theory and elementary particles. In 1953, Mr.. A.D.S. was elected a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Beginning of his public activities
Sakharov felt performances in 1956-1962 he. against nuclear testing in the atmosphere. A.D.S. - One of the initiators of the conclusion in 1963. Moscow treaty banning nuclear tests in three media (atmosphere, space and ocean). In 1964, Mr..
Sakharov spoke out against Lysenko and his school. In 1966, Mr.. participated in a collective letter against the revival of the cult of Stalin. In 1968. wrote a long article entitled "Reflections on Progress, . Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom, . which substantiated the need for convergence - convergence of counter socialist and capitalist systems - as the basis for progress and the preservation of world peace,
. The general circulation of the article in the West has reached 20 million. After its publication,
Sakharov was removed from his undercover work in the closed city of Arzamas-16, where he spent 18 years. In 1969. He returned to scientific work at FIAN. At the same time,
Sakharov gave his savings - 139 thousand. Rub. - Red Cross and the construction of Cancer Center in Moscow.
In November 1970.
Sakharov became one of the founders of the Committee of Human Rights. In later years he spoke out in defense of prisoners of conscience and basic human rights - the right to receive and impart information, freedom of conscience, the right to leave and return to it and the right to choose his residence within the country. At the same time made many appearances on disarmament as the only independent professional expert in this field in the socialist camp. In the summer of 1975. published a book on the country and the world ". In October 1975. Aq.
Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: "
Sakharov uncompromisingly and effectively fought not only against the abuse of power in all its manifestations, . but with equal vigor, he defended the ideal of the State, . based on the principle of justice for all,
.
Sakharov clearly expressed the idea that only
. inviolability of human rights can serve as a foundation for a genuine and durable system of international cooperation "(the definition of the Nobel Committee of the Storting, Norway October 10, 1975)
.
In his Nobel lecture in Oslo, EG. Bonner 10 December of that year,
Sakharov stated: "Peace, progress, human rights - these three goals are inextricably linked, it is impossible to reach any one of them, neglecting the others".
January 22, 1980, Mr..
Sakharov was exiled without trial in Gorky. At the same decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was demoted three times Hero of Socialist Labor (195,3, 1956, 1962.) And the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of Laureate of the State (1953) and Lenin (1956) Awards. Link
Sakharov was apparently linked to its backlash against the invasion in December 1979. Soviet troops in Afghanistan.
In Gorky, despite the most severe isolation, he went public performances. The big resonance in the West had the article "The danger of nuclear war, a letter to Leonid Brezhnev on Afghanistan and an appeal to Mikhail Gorbachev about the need to release all prisoners of conscience. In Gorky A.D.S. four declared an indefinite hunger strike in connection with the pressure on the family K. GB. Ibid twice had been stolen by the KGB of the manuscript of his memoirs, academic and personal diaries. For Gorkovskaya years "A.D.S. made and published four research papers. He was returned from Gorky in December 1986.
In February 1987, Mr.. Sugars on the International Forum for nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind "was made on disarmament - suggested that the principle of separation" package "(t. e. consideration of reducing the number of euromissiles separately from the problems of IDF), which two weeks later was adopted by Gorbachev. This forum A.D.S. also made for the reduction of the army and the Soviet Union on nuclear power safety.
In 1988. Aq.
Sakharov was elected honorary chairman of the society "Memorial" and put a lot of energy for its recognition by the authorities. In March 1989. he was elected deputy of the USSR. As a member of the Constitutional Commission of sugars prepared and 27 November 1989. presented a draft new Constitution, based on its concept is protection of individual rights and the rights of all nations on equal terms with other state.
A. DS. was a foreign member of Academy of Sciences of the USA, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, and an honorary doctor of many universities in Europe, America and Asia.
Andrew D., died Dec. 14, 1989, Mr.. Vostryakovskiy and was buried at a cemetery in Moscow.
In the life of
Sakharov in the Soviet Union on public issues were published only his articles and interviews 1987-1989 in. 1990. was the year of first introduction of our society with memoirs and journalistic legacy of
Andrei Sakharov. But even more so was the 1991. - Year seventieth birthday of
Andrei Sakharov. In those years were published his memoir "Memories" (Banner, 1990,? 10-12, 1991,? 1-5) and "Gorky - Moscow, further everywhere" (Banner, 1991,? 9 -10), book EG. Bonner on Gorky exile "Postscript" (M.: Interbuk, . 1990), . collections of articles and speeches "World, . progress, . Human Rights (Moscow: Soviet Writer, . 1990) and "Anxiety and Hope" (MI: Inter-Verso, . 1990), . published interviews ( "Star", . 1991, . ? 1, . 5, . 10),
. Send as collections of "The constitutional ideas of
Andrei Sakharov (Moscow: Novella, 1990),
Andrei Dmitrievich. Memories of
Sakharov (Moscow: Terra, 1990), "
Andrei Sakharov. Pros and Cons "(M., Peak, 1991)," A. D.
Sakharov eyes of colleagues and friends. Etudes for scientific portrait. Free-thinking "(M.: Mir, 1991)," a collection of
Sakharov (Moscow: Kniga, 1991), "And one soldier in the field" (Yerevan, Luis, 1991), published a brochure entitled "Man and Legend. Image aq.
Sakharov in public opinion. All-Union poll OO and OM. Martha! "991" (M.: Inform. Agency "Date", 1991). Books
Andrei Sakharov's "Memoirs" and "Gorky - Moscow, then everywhere," translated into English, German, French, Italian, Danish, Dutch and Japanese.
. Unofficial page
- Server on a
. D. Sakharov. Biography, photo gallery, Nizhny Novgorod museum-apartment, festivals Sakharov, Sakharov days, links to other resources.
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Photos
- Personal card A
. D. Sakharov site Russia Academy of Sciences. Portrait and brief information.
