Ludolf MULLER (Muller Ludolf)

(p. 1917)
Born in the village of Shenzhen (in Polish - Kovaleva, West Prussia) April 5, 1917 in the family pastor German Evangelical community in Shenzhen. The Treaty of Versailles village went to Poland, in 1921 the family moved to Central Germany. In 1927-1935 he studied at the Catholic high school in the town of classical Heiligenstadt near Goettingen. In school, carried away in Russian literature (Dostoevsky, Tolstoy), the strong impression made on him a page from O. Spengler's Decline of the West on Russia and Russian culture. November 1, 1935 entered the University of Leipzig (he studied theology and philosophy), then studied for a year in the Higher Theological School in Bethel (near Bielefeld), summer semester 1937 held at the University of Rostock. During his studies he studied biblical philology, expressed interest in textual criticism, literary analysis and source study. In November 1937 came to Hungary to exchange, where the town Sц?rospatak studying the Hungarian language in the Reformed theological high school. A year later, classes resumed in Germany - at the University of Halle, where he met with the famous Slavicist Dmitry Tchizhevskiy (1894-1977). Under his leadership, Muller studied the Slovak language, intending to do the religious and ecclesiastical history of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1939 passed the state exam at the theological faculty of the University in Halle, after finishing a university education

. August 30, 1939 was drafted into the army: a radio operator involved in the fighting in France 1940, . 21 June 1941 to April 1944 was on the Eastern Front in Russia (Group of Forces 'Center'), . In 1945 he was captured in Italy (as an officer Telecommunications tank parts), . and September 13, 1945, was released from an American POW camp,
.

After the war, enrolled at the University of Gottingen in the Department of Slavic Studies. He studied Russian language, literature, began to translate into German Russian poetry. In 1946 he began to study art Vl.Soloveva and in March 1947 the University of Marburg defended his doctoral dissertation in philosophy on the concept of eschatological history of Vladimir Solovyov. After the defense was an assistant Dm.Chizhevskogo University of Marburg (until 1949), helping him in his work on the history of Old Russian literature XI-XIII centuries. (Kievan Rus). In this period, Muller developed an interest in the Kiev period of ancient literature

. Getting Started with prominent scientists Marburg - Haylerom Friedrich (1892-1967), . professor of comparative history of religions and religious philosophy, . Bencze and Ernst (1907-1978), . professor of church history and the history of Christian denominations, . - Prompted Mueller to study Russian Orthodoxy,
. The results of these studies were presented to them in gabilitatsionnoy (giving the right to hold professorships) thesis on the specialty 'Ecclesiastical History and konfessiologiya' at the Evangelical Theological Faculty of the University of Marburg - Critique of Protestantism in the Russian Theology and Philosophy (1949), . it collected and analyzed utterances Russian critics of Protestantism, . by Maxim the Greek and Ivan the Terrible to the Russian Orthodox theologians 20 in.: Vasily Zenkovsky (1881-1962), . George Florovsky (1893-1979), . Leo Zander (1893-1964),


. At the University of Marburg Mueller worked four years as a privat-docent at the rate of church history, . lectured and conducted seminars on the history of the ancient church, . History of the Byzantine and Russian Orthodox Churches, . history of Orthodox thought in Byzantium and Russia,
. At the same time served as professor of Slavic Studies (lectures and seminars on ancient Russian literature and Russian literature of XVIII and XIX centuries.) Because Dm.Chizhevsky in 1949 went to the U.S.. Great success had read Muller open a series of lectures on Dostoevsky.

In 1953-1961 Mueller headed the Department of Slavic philology at the University of Kiel. Summer of 1960 for the first time since the war was in the USSR. Since 1961 - Professor of Slavic Philology, University of Tц?bingen. In 1982, Mueller went to an academic dismissal. He lives in Tц?bingen.

Important place in life to the study of creativity Mueller Vl.Soloveva. The aforementioned thesis (1947) concluded that the scientist, . that lifelong Solovyov its main philosophical and theological views have not changed significantly, . but 'eschatology improvement', . characteristic of the early period of creative thinker, . replaced 'eschatology of choice', . ie,
. the conviction, . that the transition of world history to the Kingdom of God is carried out not in the process of gradual improvement, . as a result of the disengagement, . increasingly clear choice, . which makes all the people: in favor of God or against Him, . in favor kindness or against him, . in favor of God, conceived the meaning of peace or against it,
. See. and Solovyev, Vladimir. After the war, the philosopher Vladimir Shilkarsky (1889-1960) began preparation of eight-volume collected works Vl.Soloveva in the German translation for publishers 'Erich Vevel' in Freiburg, and attracted to the work of Mueller, . who translated the works of the philosopher, . their commenting, . as well as verification of translations Shilkarskogo,
. When life Shilkarskogo under his editorship came three volumes. After his death (1960) Muller brought a joint work by the end (in collaboration with the German Slavicist Lettenbauerom William, 1907-1984), in 1980, the nine (including one supplementary) edition was completed

. Among other areas of scientific activity Mueller noteworthy research Metropolitan Hilarion creativity and translation of his works, . study of problems in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, . translation and commentary on the works of Old Russian literature (especially Povest and Lay), . analysis of the religious and philosophical aspects of Dostoevsky's, . Tolstoy, . Chekhov, . Bulgakov, . Pasternak and other Russian writers,
. In translations Mueller German reader acquainted with Russian poetry, he translated the entire app. 700 poems, including the entire corpus of poems Tyutchev and Vl.Soloveva, Anna Akhmatova's Requiem, a cycle of poems of Yuri Zhivago, Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, poems of the poet Lev Druskin (1921-1990). The most important works of Mueller may include (in addition to the above): the problem of hierarchical status and legal according to the Russian Church to 1039, Mr.. (1959), Dostoevsky: his life - his work - his testament (1982), heroes and saints of early Russian Middle Ages (1984), The Baptism of Russia (Die Taufe Rulands, 1987), the Lay (Das Igorlied, 1989), ' Trinity "by Andrei Rublev (1990) and others

. Edited by L. Mueller c 1981 published a series of 'Sources and studies on the history of Russian spiritual life' (Quellen und Studien zur russischen Geistesgeschichte); since 1973 Mц?ller - member of the editorial board of the International Journal 'Russia Mediaevalis', . published in Munich.,